📡 Bandwidth and Data Units Explained 1. Bandwidth 2. Data Units 3. Bandwidth vs Data Units 4. Conversion Cheat Sheet Concept Unit Conversion Speed 1 Mbps 1,000,000 bits per second Size 1 MB 8,000,000 bits Rule of Thumb To estimate download time: File size (MB) × 8 ÷ Bandwidth (Mbps) 5. Examples ✅ Summary:
🏙️ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 1. Definition A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer network that covers a city or metropolitan area. It is larger than a LAN (Local Area Network) but smaller than a WAN (Wide Area Network). MANs connect multiple LANs across a city, often using high‑speed fiber optic cables. 2. Key Characteristics 3. Examples 6. LAN vs MAN vs WAN Feature LAN MAN WAN Coverage Building, campus City or metropolitan area Country, continent, global Speed Very high (100 Mbps–10 Gbps) High (hundreds Mbps–Gbps) Lower, depends on distance/infra Ownership Private (home, office) Telecoms, governments, universities Mix of private & public Example Home Wi‑Fi, office LAN Citywide university network The Internet, global corporate WAN
🌐 Wide Area Network (WAN) 1. Definition A WAN is a computer network that spans a large geographic area — from cities to entire countries or globally. It connects multiple LANs (Local Area Networks) together, enabling communication and resource sharing across long distances. 👉 The Internet itself is the largest WAN. 2. Key Characteristics 3. Examples 4. Challenges 5. WAN vs Internet 6. WAN vs LAN vs WLAN Feature LAN WLAN WAN Coverage Local (home, office, campus) Local, wireless (Wi‑Fi) Wide area (cities, countries) Connection Ethernet cables Wi‑Fi radio waves Telecom lines, satellites, fiber Speed Very high (100 Mbps–10 Gbps) Variable (depends on Wi‑Fi standard) Lower, depends on distance/infra Ownership Private Private Mix of private & public
📡 Mobile Networks Explained 1. Definition A mobile network is a type of wireless network that enables devices to communicate without fixed cables. It relies on: 2. Generations of Mobile Networks Generation Year Technology Speed Key Features 1G 1980s Analog ~2.4 kbps Voice only, poor security 2G 1990s Digital (GSM, CDMA) ~64 kbps SMS, MMS, better voice quality 3G 2000s UMTS, WCDMA ~2 Mbps Mobile internet, video calls 4G 2010s LTE ~100 Mbps HD streaming, mobile broadband 5G 2020s NR (New Radio) ~10 Gbps Ultra-low latency, IoT, AR/VR 3. Key Characteristics 4. Applications
🌐 WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) Definition A WLAN is a type of LAN (Local Area Network) that uses wireless communication (radio waves) instead of physical cables to connect devices. The most common WLAN technology is Wi‑Fi (IEEE 802.11 standard). Key Characteristics 📶 Wi‑Fi: Standards, Versions, and History 1. Origins 2. Generations of Wi‑Fi Generation Standard Year Band Max Speed Key Features Wi‑Fi 1 802.11 1997 2.4 GHz 2 Mbps First Wi‑Fi standard Wi‑Fi 2 802.11b 1999 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps Affordable, but interference-prone Wi‑Fi 3 802.11g 2003 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps Faster, backward compatible Wi‑Fi 4 802.11n 2009 2.4 & 5 GHz 600 Mbps Introduced MIMO, dual-band Wi‑Fi 5 802.11ac 2014 5 GHz 1.3 Gbps Beamforming, better streaming Wi‑Fi...
🌐 Local Area Network (LAN) 1. Definition A LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network that connects devices within a limited physical area — such as a home, office, or school. It allows devices to share resources (files, printers, internet) and communicate at high speed. 2. Key Characteristics 3. Relationship with Wi‑Fi 4. Examples 5. LAN vs WAN Feature LAN WAN Coverage Local area (home, office, campus) Wide area (cities, countries) Speed High (100 Mbps–10 Gbps) Lower, depends on telecom infra Ownership Private, managed locally Shared/public infrastructure Connection Ethernet, Wi‑Fi Fiber, satellite, leased lines
📱 What is a Feature Phone? A feature phone is a mobile phone that sits between a basic phone and a smartphone. 🔑 Key Characteristics 🌍 Popular Feature Phone Operating Systems 📌 Representative Models 📈 Current Status
From Palm OS Smartphones to LG WebOS Smart TVs 1. Palm OS Origins 2. Birth of WebOS (Palm Era) 3. HP Acquisition 4. LG Acquisition and Transformation 5. Current Status 6.Summary 7.Architecture and Features 8.Representative Devices 9.Comparison with Other OS Feature WebOS Android iOS Source Model Linux-based, proprietary Open-source (AOSP + proprietary GMS) Closed-source Original Use Smartphones Smartphones, tablets, TVs iPhones only Current Use Smart TVs, IoT devices Smartphones, TVs, wearables Smartphones, tablets, wearables Status (Mobile) Discontinued (2011) Active Active
1.Firefox OS: Mozilla’s Open Web Mobile Platform Firefox OS was a mobile operating system developed by Mozilla, based on the Linux kernel and the Gecko rendering engine. It aimed to bring the open web to smartphones, using HTML5 apps instead of native applications. 2.Historical Background 3.Architecture and Features 4.Representative Brands & Devices 5.Comparison with Other Mobile OS Feature Firefox OS Android iOS Source Model Open-source Open-source (AOSP + proprietary GMS) Closed-source App Ecosystem Web apps via Firefox Marketplace Google Play Store Apple App Store Target Market Low-cost smartphones, emerging markets Global smartphones, tablets, TVs Premium smartphones (iPhone only) Status Discontinued (2016 for phones) Active Active
1.KaiOS: Smart Features for Feature Phones KaiOS is a mobile operating system based on the remnants of Mozilla’s Firefox OS. It is designed to bring smartphone-like features (apps, 4G, Wi-Fi, GPS) to affordable feature phones with physical keypads. Its mission is to provide internet access to billions of people who still use basic phones. 2.Historical Background 3.Architecture and Features 4.Representative Brands & Devices 5.Comparison with Other Mobile OS Feature KaiOS Android iOS Source Model Source-available (partially closed) Open-source (AOSP + proprietary GMS) Closed-source Target Devices Feature phones Smartphones, tablets, TVs iPhones only App Ecosystem KaiStore (limited but growing) Google Play Store Apple App Store Market Share Niche, strong in India & Africa Largest globally Premium global market Status Active, latest...
1.Tizen OS: Samsung’s Open-Source Platform Tizen OS is a Linux-based, open-source operating system developed by Samsung and the Linux Foundation. It was originally designed for smartphones, smart TVs, wearables, and IoT devices. Today, Tizen is primarily used in Samsung Smart TVs, smartwatches, and connected appliances, while its smartphone branch has been discontinued. 2.Historical Background 3.Architecture and Features 4.Representative Devices 5.Comparison with Other Smart Device OS Feature Tizen OS Android TV / Wear OS WebOS (LG) Source Model Open-source + proprietary parts Open-source (AOSP + proprietary GMS) Proprietary (LG) Main Use Samsung TVs, wearables, IoT TVs, smartphones, wearables LG TVs App Ecosystem Samsung App Store, limited Google Play Store LG Content Store Market Share Strong in Samsung TVs Largest globally Niche,...
1.HarmonyOS: Huawei’s Distributed Operating System HarmonyOS is a multi-platform operating system developed by Huawei. Unlike traditional mobile OS platforms, HarmonyOS is built as a distributed OS, meaning it can seamlessly run across different device types — from phones and tablets to smart TVs, wearables, and IoT devices. It integrates tightly with Huawei Mobile Services (HMS) and AppGallery, Huawei’s alternative to Google’s ecosystem. 2.Historical Background 3.Architecture and Features 4.Representative Devices 5.Comparison with Other Mobile OS Feature HarmonyOS Android (Google) iOS (Apple) Source Model Hybrid (open + proprietary) Open-source (AOSP + proprietary GMS) Closed-source Design Distributed, cross-device Mobile-focused, customizable Mobile-focused, tightly controlled App Ecosystem Huawei AppGallery, Quick Apps Google Play Store Apple App Store Market Share Strong in China, growing globally Largest...
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