Android

1.Android: Open-Source Core with Google Ecosystem

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It is based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for smartphones and tablets, but also powers smart TVs, cars, and wearables. Android combines an open-source foundation with optional proprietary services from Google.

2.Historical Background

• 2003: Android Inc. founded by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White.
• 2005: Google acquired Android Inc.
• 2007: The Open Handset Alliance announced Android as an open-source mobile OS.
• 2008: First commercial release, Android 1.0, launched with the HTC Dream.
• 2010s: Android surpassed iOS and Symbian, becoming the dominant mobile OS.
• 2025: Latest version is Android 16, released in June 2025

3.Open-Source Nature

• Android Open Source Project (AOSP): The core of Android is open-source. Anyone can access, modify, and distribute AOSP freely.
• Flexibility: This openness allows manufacturers (Samsung, Xiaomi, OnePlus, etc.) to customize Android with their own user interfaces and features.
• Limitations: While AOSP provides the operating system, it does not include Google’s proprietary apps or services.

4.Relationship with Google Mobile Services (GMS)

• What is GMS? A suite of Google’s proprietary apps and APIs, including the Play Store, Google Play Services, Gmail, Maps, and YouTube.
• Licensing: Device manufacturers must obtain Google certification and licensing to pre-install GMS.
• AOSP vs. GMS Devices:
  • AOSP-only devices: Run Android without Google apps (common in China or specialized devices).
  • AOSP + GMS devices: Most global Android phones, with full access to Google’s ecosystem.
• Role of GMS: Provides app distribution, background services (push notifications, location, payments), and integration with Google’s cloud ecosystem.

5.Architecture and Features

• Kernel: Based on the Linux kernel.
• Programming Languages: Java, Kotlin (UI), C, C++, Rust.
• App Distribution: APK package format via Google Play Store.
• User Interface: Highly customizable with widgets, notifications, and themes.
• Security: Sandboxing, verified boot, frequent updates.
• Update Method: Over-the-air (OTA).
• Ecosystem: Integrated with Google Mobile Services (GMS), including Gmail, Maps, and YouTube.

6.Summary

• Android itself is open-source through AOSP.
• Google Mobile Services is closed-source and proprietary, requiring licensing.
• Together, they define the Android ecosystem: open at its core, but strongly shaped by Google’s services.

7.Comparison with Other Mobile OS