📡 Router Explained
1. Definition
A router is a device that sits at the boundary between networks and decides where to send data packets. It connects multiple IP networks or subnetworks and ensures that traffic flows efficiently.
2. Core Functions
- Traffic management: Examines packet destination IP addresses and forwards them to the right network.
- Routing table: Maintains a list of possible paths and chooses the most efficient one.
- NAT (Network Address Translation): Allows multiple devices in a LAN to share one public IP.
- Firewall/security: Many routers block unauthorized traffic.
- DHCP: Often assigns IP addresses to devices automatically.
3. Types of Routers
- Home/Small office routers: Combine routing, Wi‑Fi, firewall, and DHCP in one device.
- Enterprise routers: Handle large volumes of traffic, often with advanced routing protocols.
- Core/Edge routers: Used by ISPs to manage Internet backbone traffic.
4. Router vs Switch vs Modem
| Device | Role | Layer | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Router | Connects different networks, directs packets | Layer 3 (Network) | Home router linking LAN to Internet |
| Switch | Connects devices within one LAN | Layer 2 (Data Link) | Office switch connecting PCs & printers |
| Modem | Converts signals for ISP connection | Layer 1 (Physical) | DSL/cable modem providing Internet |
✅ Summary: A router is the “traffic director” of networks — it connects LANs to WANs, decides packet paths, and enables multiple devices to share one Internet connection. Without routers, the Internet wouldn’t function.
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