Keyboards

⌨️ 1. What Is a Keyboard (KB)?

A keyboard is a primary input device that allows users to interact with a computer by typing characters, numbers, and executing commands. It translates physical key presses into digital signals that the computer processes. The keyboard originated from Christopher Latham Sholes’ typewriter in 1868, introducing the QWERTY layout.

🧩 2. Types of Keyboards

⚙️ 3. Key Features

• Layout: QWERTY is standard; alternatives include AZERTY, DVORAK.
• Function Keys (F1–F12): Shortcuts for system and application commands.
• Modifier Keys: Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Command — used in combinations.
• Numeric Keypad: For fast number entry (often absent in compact keyboards).
• Backlighting: LED or RGB for visibility and aesthetics.
• Switch Types (mechanical):
  • Cherry MX Blue (clicky, tactile)
  • Cherry MX Red (linear, smooth)
  • Brown (tactile, quiet)

🧠 4. Keyboard in System Architecture

• Connects via USB, PS/2, or wireless protocols.
• Communicates with the OS input subsystem.
• Supports shortcuts, macros, and hotkeys for productivity.

⌨️ 5.Keyboard Development History — Key Milestones

• 1868 → First practical typewriter (Sholes & Glidden), QWERTY layout introduced.
• 1920s–1930s → Teletype machines: typewriter mechanics + electronic signals, early computer input.
• 1950s–1970s → Computer terminals replace punch cards; keyboards become electronic.
• 1980s → IBM Model M (mechanical, durable, tactile) sets PC keyboard standard.
• 1990s–2000s → Membrane keyboards dominate (cheaper, quieter); laptops adopt chiclet/scissor-switch.
• 2010s–2020s → Mechanical keyboards return (Cherry MX, RGB, gaming focus); wireless & virtual keyboards spread.
• Future → Optical/magnetic switches, AI-driven layouts, foldable/flexible designs, voice/gesture input complement typing.

🌍 6. Keyboard Language Versions (Layouts)